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Rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of oars in the water. The difference between paddling and rowing is that rowing requires oars to have a mechanical connection with the boat, while paddles are hand-held and have no mechanical connection. This article deals with the more general types of rowing, such as for recreation and transport rather than the sport of competitive rowing which is a specialized case of racing using strictly regulated equipment and a highly refined technique.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Speed Rower, Competitive Rowing )〕 == Types of rowing systems == In some localities, rear-facing systems prevail. In other localities, forward-facing systems prevail, especially in crowded areas such as in Venice, Italy and in Asian and Indonesian rivers and harbors. This is not strictly an "either-or", because in different situations it's useful to be able to row a boat facing either way. The current emphasis on the health aspects of rowing has resulted in some new mechanical systems being developed, some very different from the traditional rowing systems of the past. Rearward-facing systems: This is probably the oldest system used in Europe and North America. A seated rower pulls on one or two oars, which lever the boat through the water. The pivot point of the oars (attached solidly to the boat) is the fulcrum. The motive force is applied through the rower's feet. In traditional rowing craft, the pivot point of the oars is generally located on the boat's gunwale. The actual fitting that holds the oar may be as simple as one or two pegs (or thole pins) or a metal oarlock (also called rowlock - "rollock"). In performance rowing craft, the rowlock is usually extended outboard on a "rigger" to allow the use of a longer oar for increased power. ''Sculling'' involves a seated rower who ''pulls'' on two oars or ''sculls'', attached to the boat, thereby moving the boat in the direction opposite that which the rower faces. In some multiple-seat boats seated rowers each pull on a single "''sweep''" oar, usually with both hands. Boats in which the rowers are coordinated by a coxswain are referred to as a "coxed" pair/four/eight. Sometimes ''sliding seats'' are used to enable the rower to use the leg muscles, substantially increasing the power available. An alternative to the sliding seat, called a ''sliding rigger'', uses a stationary seat and the rower moves the oarlocks with his feet. On a craft used in Italy, the catamaran ''moscone'', the rower stands and takes advantage of his body weight to increase leverage while sculling.〔http://www.settesere.it/public/parser_download/save/allegati.2007.32.pag04.e05due.pdf Remando in piedi sul moscone. (Rowing standing up on the moscone).〕 Forward-facing systems: ''Articulated'' or ''bow facing'' oars have two-piece oars and use a mechanical transmission to reverse the direction of the oar blade, enabling a seated rower to row facing forward with a pulling motion. ''Push rowing'', also called ''back-watering'' if used in a boat not designed for forward motion, uses regular oars with a pushing motion to achieve forward-facing travel, sometimes seated and sometimes standing. This is a convenient method of manoeuvring in a narrow waterway or through a busy harbour. Another system of frontrowing oars uses ''inboard mounted oarlocks'' rather than a reversing transmission to achieve forward motion of the boat with a pulling motion on the oars. Another system (also called ''sculling'') involves using a single oar extending from the stern of the boat which is moved back and forth under water somewhat like a fish tail, such as the Chinese ''yuloh'', by which quite large boats can be moved.〔''The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze'' G. R. G. Worcester. Publisher: Naval Institute Press; 1971, ISBN 0-87021-335-0, ISBN 978-0-87021-335-9〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rowing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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